Quantitative Aptitude Probability Study Material

Quantitative Aptitude Probability Study Material

Human life is full of uncertainties. In our day to day life we very often make guess and give statements like : Possibility of a particular party to win this election is more”. Most probably it will be sunny day today ’'; “It is almost certain that Ramesh will compete in Bank P.O. Exam.” Whenever we use such statements we have intuition which enables us to claim that one event is more likely to happen than the other. In probability theory, the degree of certainty and uncertainty is measured in terms of numbers lying between 0 and 1. SOME BASIC CONCEPTS 1. Experiment: An operation which results in some well defined outcomes is called an experiment. 2. Random Experiment: An experiment whose outcome cannot be predicted with certainty is called a random experiment. In other words if an experiment is performed many times under similar conditions and the outcome each lime is not the same, then this experiment is known as a random experiment. Remark : An experiment whose outcome cannot be predicted before hand is not a random experiment. For example, when we throw an apple upward, it is certain that it will come to the earth falling downward. So, throwing an apple upward is not a random experiment Examples : (i) 'Tossing of a fair coin” is a random experiment because if we toss a coin either a head or a tail will come up. But if we toss a coin again and again, the outcome in each case will not be the same. - (ii) “Drawing a card from a well shuffled pack of 52 playing cards” is a random experiment. (iii) ‘Throwing an unbiased dice” is a random experiment since when we throw a dice, we cannot say with certainty that a particular number ranging from 1 to 6 will come up. 3. Trial and Elementary Events: When an experiment is repeated under similar conditions and it does not give the same result each time but may result in any one of the several possible outcomes, the experiment is called a trial and the outcomes are called cases. The number of times the experiment is repeated is called the number of trials. For examples, (i) Tossing of a coin is a trial and getting a head or a tail is case or elementary event. . (ii) Throwing of a dice is trial and getting 3 on its upper face is an elementary event or case. (iii) One toss of a coin is a trial when the coin is tossed 5 times. (iv) Drawing a card from a pack of a well shuffled cards is a trial and getting a king of diamond is an elementary event.         Get More at    Quantitative Aptitude Probability Study Material

Quantitative Aptitude Number Series Study Material

Quantitative Aptitude Number Series Study Material

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Quantitative Aptitude Logarithms Study Material

Quantitative Aptitude Logarithms Study Material

Put simply and confusingly, logarithms are inverse operators to exponents (just as subtraction to addition or division to multiplication). As you'll see, taking a logarithm of something tells you what exponent you need to raise a base to to get that number.

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Quantitative Aptitude Data Interpretation Study Material

Quantitative Aptitude Data Interpretation Study Material

Data may be presented in the form of tables, graphs or diagrams. Tables consist of precise numerical figures whereas diagrams give only an approximate idea. However, diagrams and graphs have the advantage of showing trends in the data. While there is no clear line of demarcation between diagrams and graphs, we may note the following distinction between them : (а) A graph represents a mathematical relationship whereas a diagram does not. (б) Diagrams do not add anything to the data while graphs are useful in statistical analysis. (c) Graphs are considered more appropriate than diagrams for presenting frequency distribution and time series. In our everyday life we come across graphs, tables and other types of numerical data in newspapers, magazines, periodicals, journals, information bulletins etc. These data may relate to the cost of living, cricket average, profits of a company, temperature of cities, expenditure in various sectors of a five-year plan and so on. For instance, if we look into a newspaper, we may find a weather report giving pertinent data about the maximum and minimum temperatures and rainfall of various important cities of India and world. . The term “data” means “information”. However, the dictionary meaning of the term “data” is “given facts.” Data may be of two types : Primary data and Secondary data. When an investigator collects data himself/herself with a definite plan or design in his/her mind, it is called primary data. Primary data are, therefore, highly reliable and relevant These data are original in nature and are collected by some individuals or by some institutions or agencies or research bodies. For example, data collected in a census operation by the office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, are primary data. However, it is not always possible for an investigator to collect primary data due to lack of time, money and resources. Many times he/she uses the data collected by some one else, which may be in the form of published reports or official statistics collected by the Government etc. Since the same data can serve various purposes, it is, therefore, possible that the data collected by an individual are used by another for his own investigation. Thus, data which are not originally collected rather obtained from published or unpublished sources are known as secondary data. Secondary data should be used with great care since these are collected with a purpose different from that of the investigator and may lose some detail or may not be fully relevant to the investigation.                                                             Get more at   Quantitative Aptitude Data Interpretation Study Material

SSC CGL CPO Sub Inspector Previous Papers with Answer Key Held 26.05.2005

SSC CGL CPO Sub Inspector Previous Papers with Answer Key Held 26.05.2005

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NDA Maths Previous Years Questions with Solutions Set Relation and Function

NDA Maths Previous Years  Questions with Solutions Set Relation and Function

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SSC CGL Previous Papers Solved Held 08.02.2004 1St Sitting

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SSC CGL Previous Papers Solved Held 08.02.2004 2nd Sitting

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